ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different colors and management of polypropylene non-woven fabric coverings and two different localized irrigation systems on the physiological characteristics and yield of industrial tomatoes. The experiment was installed in a randomized block design arranged in a split-plot scheme with four replications. Surface and subsurface drip were used in the plots, and five plant cover strategies with non-woven fabric in the subplots: i) without non-woven fabric; ii) coverage with white non-woven fabric; iii) coverage with white non-woven fabric, removed between 30 and 60 days after transplanting the seedlings; iv) coverage with red non-woven fabric; v) coverage with red non-woven fabric, removed between 30 and 60 days after transplanting. Photosynthesis, transpiration, electron transport rate, stomatal conductance, carbon concentration, total fruit yield, and water use efficiency were evaluated. ANOVA and the Scott-Knott test were used. Transpiration is favored by the white non-woven fabric and the stomatal conductance by the white and uninterrupted red one. However, the tomato yield is not influenced by the coverings, except for the red one, removed only between 30 and 60 days after transplanting, which is the worst condition for industrial tomato production. Surface and subsurface irrigation can be used with the same efficiency.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes colorações e manejos de coberturas de tela não-tecida, e de dois diferentes sistemas de irrigação localizada sobre características fisiológicas e produção de frutos do tomateiro industrial. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições, em parcelas subdivididas. Gotejamentos superficial e subterrâneo foram utilizados nas parcelas; e 5 estratégias de cobertura da planta com tela não-tecida nas subparcelas: i) sem cobertura; ii) cobertura com tela não-tecida branca; iii) tela não-tecida branca, retirado entre 30 e 60 dias após o transplante; iv) tela não-tecida vermelha; v) tela não-tecida vermelha, retirado entre 30 e 60 dias após o transplante. Avaliou-se: taxa fotossintética, de transpiração e de transporte de elétrons; condutância estomática; concentração de carbono; produção total de frutos e eficiência do uso da água. Foram utilizados ANOVA e teste de Scott-Knott. A transpiração é favorecida pelas coberturas brancas, a condutância estomática, pelas coberturas brancas e vermelha ininterrupta, porém a produtividade não é influenciada pelas coberturas, exceto a vermelha, retirada entre 30 e 60 dias após transplante, que é a pior condição para o tomate industrial. Irrigações superficial e subterrânea podem ser utilizadas com mesma eficiência.

Resumo As drogas antituberculose são relatadas como causadoras de hepatotoxicidade, ocasionando o aumento assintomático das enzimas hepáticas. As plantas hepatoprotetoras desempenham um papel importante na proteção do fígado. Este estudo investigou o potencial hepatoprotetor de Solanum lycopersicum em ratos que foram intoxicados com isoniazida e rifampicina (INH + RIF) para induzir hepatotoxicidade. Trinta ratos wistar albinos foram divididos em cinco grupos de seis animais cada. Os ratos do grupo 1 representaram o grupo controle, enquanto os ratos dos grupos II, III, IV e V receberam INH + RIF (75 + 150 mg/kg) por via oral, por sete dias consecutivos. Para o tratamento, os ratos do grupo III receberam silimarina, enquanto os animais do grupo IV e V receberam 40 mg/kg e 80 mg/kg de extrato de S. lycopersicum, respectivamente. Nos dias 0 e 8, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de biomarcadores hepáticos. Os dados foram submetidos a teste unilateral (ANOVA) e post hoc de Bonferroni para análise estatística. A hepatotoxicidade induzida por INH + RIF resultou em elevação significativa das enzimas hepáticas séricas, incluindo aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e bilirrubina total, enquanto houve a diminuição do nível de albumina. O S. lycopersicum, na dose de 80 mg / kg, reduziu significativamente as enzimas hepáticas AST, ALT, ALP e bilirrubina, enquanto o nível de albumina aumentou de forma significativa. O tratamento não teve efeito significativo no peso corporal e hepático. A hepatotoxicidade induzida por drogas pode ser tratada de forma eficaz com S. lycopersicum na dose de 80 mg/kg.

Abstract Anti-tuberculosis drugs are reported to cause hepatotoxicity, which varies from asymptomatic rise of the hepatic enzymes. Hepatoprotective plants plays important role to protect liver. This study investigated the hepatoprotective potential of the Solanum lycopersicum in rats intoxicated with Isoniazid and Rifampicin (INH+RIF) to induce hepatotoxicity. Thirty wistar albino rats were divided into five groups of six animals each. Group 1 rats were kept control while groups II, III, IV and V were administered with INH+RIF (75+150 mg/kg) orally, for seven consecutive days. For treatment, rats in group III received silymarin while animals in group IV and V were provided with 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg of Solanum lycopersicum extract, respectively. On day 0 and 8th blood samples were collected for the analysis of hepatic biomarkers. The data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post hoc test for statistical analysis. Hepatotoxicity induced by INH+RIF resulted in significant elevation of serum hepatic enzymes including Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin while decreased the albumin level. The Solanum lycopersicum at dose of 80 mg/kg significantly reduced the hepatic enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin while the albumin level was significantly increased. The treatment had non-significant effect on body and liver weight. Drug induced hepatotoxicity can be effectively treated with Solanum lycopersicum at 80 mg/kg dose.

Summary: The rhizosphere of the great diversity of plants is a complex ecosystem that houses thousands of rhizobacteria that promote plant growth. In the current investigation, three bacteria were isolated from the root of Suaeda sp., which were evaluated to determine the ef fect of their inoculation on Arabidopsis thaliana at distances of 2 and 5 cm and in divided boxes. In the 2 cm test, we noticed that Endo10(7) and Endo10(5) stimulated the plants more than the control, while the proximity to Ecto10(6) caused them to wilt and die. However, at 5 cm, the bacterium that most promoted the development of Arabidopsis was Ecto10(6). In the divided box test, all three bacteria showed the ability to promote growth. In addition, a shade mesh assay was carried out with the inoculation of the bacteria in Solanum lycopersicum L. (Sahariana) and it was found that the promoting ef fect was also observed in the germination and growth of tomato plants. Tests were conducted to determine its ability to produce IAA, siderophores, and solubilize phosphates. Through molecular techniques it was confirmed: the identity of Ecto10(6), Endo10(7), and Endo10(5) as Aneurinibacillus migulanus, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus cereus, respectively. Our results provide the rationale for suggesting that these rhizobacteria may increase the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum.

Resumen: La rizósfera de la gran diversidad de plantas que existen, es un complejo ecosistema que alberga miles de rizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal. En la presente investigación se aislaron tres bacterias de la raíz de Suaeda sp., y fueron evaluadas para determinar el efecto de su inoculación en Arabidopsis thaliana a distancias de 2 y 5 cm y en cajas divididas. En el ensayo a 2 cm notamos que Endo10(7) y Endo10(5) estimularon más a las plantas que el control, mientras que la cercanía con Ecto10(6) les causó marchitez y muerte. Sin embargo, a 5 cm, la bacteria que fomentó más el desarrollo de Arabidopsis fue Ecto10(6). En el ensayo en cajas divididas las tres bacterias mostraron capacidad para promover crecimiento. Además, se realizó un ensayo en malla sombra con la inoculación de las bacterias en Solanum lycopersicum L. (Sahariana) y se constató que el efecto promotor también se observó en la germinación y crecimiento de las plantas de tomate. Se realizaron pruebas que establecieron su capacidad para producir AIA, sideróforos y solubilizar fosfatos. A través de técnicas moleculares se confirmó la identidad de Ecto10(6), Endo10(7) y Endo10(5) como Aneurinibacillus migulanus, Staphylococcus sp. y Bacillus cereus, respectivamente. Estos resultados nos dan el fundamento para sugerir que estas rizobacterias pueden incrementar el crecimiento y desarrollo de Arabidopsis thaliana y Solanum lycopersicum.

Summary: Chitosan nanoparticles (NPsCS) are used as natural biostimulants in sustainable agriculture since they increase crop productivity and induce the synthesis of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, protecting the plant from stress. The present study was developed to determine the effect of foliar application of NPsCS on yield, enzymatic activity, and content of bioactive compounds in tomato fruits. The trial was established completely randomized design with six escalating doses of NPsCS 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg mL-1. The foliar spray of 0.2 mg mL-1 increases the fruits’ yield, size, and firmness. High doses increase bioactive compounds and enzymatic activity. The foliar-applied NPsCS has excellent potential to be used as biostimulants to improve performance and obtain functional foods.

Resumen: Las nanopartículas de quitosán (NPsCS) son utilizadas como bioestimulantes naturales en la agricultura sustentable, ya que incrementan la productividad de los cultivos e inducen la síntesis de antioxidantes enzimáticos y no enzimáticos, protegiendo a la planta del estrés. El presente estudio se desarrolló con el objetivo de determinar el efecto de la aplicación foliar de las NPsCS sobre el rendimiento, actividad enzimática y contenido de compuestos bioactivos en frutos de tomate. El ensayo se estableció en un diseño completamente al azar con seis dosis crecientes de NPsCS: 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 y 0.8 mg mL-1. La aspersión foliar de 0.2 mg mL-1 aumentó el rendimiento, tamaño y firmeza de los frutos; en cambio dosis alta incrementan los compuestos bioactivos y la actividad enzimática. El uso de NPsCS aplicadas de forma foliar presentan un gran potencial para utilizarse como bioestimulantes para mejorar el rendimiento y obtener alimentos funcionales.

ABSTRACT The use of resistant cultivars is the main strategy to control Fusarium wilt on tomato, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici . This study aimed to quantify the incidence and distribution of this disease in the region of Nova Friburgo, RJ, as well as the type of resistance of tomato cultivars to the three FOL races. Samples of healthy and wilted plants from 40 properties were evaluated for the presence of vascular discouloration. Seventeen tomato cultivars were evaluated for resistance to the three FOL races using a grading scale. Classification for resistance/susceptibility, incidence and percentage of infection of the vascular system, fresh weight accumulation and seedling length were determined. All the cultivars analysed behaved as similar to immune (SI) to race 1 of FOL and similar to immune or partial resistance to race 2. Only Aguamiel cultivar presented a SI reaction to FOL race 3. None of the cultivars presented a SI reaction to the three races. It can be concluded that failures on the control of the disease in this region can be attributed to the majority use of cultivars with incomplete resistance to the three FOL races. The seed packages also contain incomplete information about FOL resistance.

ABSTRACT Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) are the most cultivated and consumed vegetable species in the world and deserve special attention due to their nutritional and functional value. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional value of organically grown tomatoes in greenhouses, at different maturity phases. Five hybrids were studied: Antalya F1, Cemile F1, Lorely F1, Tiger F1 and Sacher F1. The observed parameters in each harvest phase were: Content of chlorophyll a and b, total carotenoids, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and titratable acidity (TA). Taking into account the content of TSS and TA, taste and maturity index was established. Tiger F1, Sacher F1 and Cemile F1 hybrids were significantly standing out for all analysed parameters. Sacher F1 had a carotene content of 10.3 mg 100 g-1 FW in green fruit and 17.0 mg 100 g-1 FW in red fruit. Vitamin C was 6.2 mg 100 g-1 FW in green fruits, increasing to 16.0 mg 100 g-1 FW in red fruits. The mineral content depended on the hybrid and harvest stage. In the rose phase the highest K content was in Cemile F1 (151.53 mg 100-1 g), Ca in Lorely F1 (8.16 mg 100 g-1), Mg in Sacher F1 and Tiger F1 with values over 22.0 mg 100 g-1, and Tiger F1 and Sacher F1 distinguish in Zn, Cu and Fe content. In the red fruit phase, Tiger F1 and Sacher F1 hybrids are representative for almost all minerals excepting Lorely F1 and Cemile F1.

Resumen El jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) bajo condiciones de invernadero, manejado en altas densidades de población y ciclos cortos, permite obtener rendimientos de hasta 500 t ha-1 año-1; sin embargo, con esta forma de manejo, se ocupan altas cantidades de plántulas que provienen de semilla híbrida que es muy costosa. Una alternativa que se percibe como económicamente más viable, es la obtención de plántulas a partir de esquejes enraizados, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento y rendimiento de plantas de jitomate provenientes de esquejes y semillas. Se probaron seis edades de trasplante de esquejes [20, 25, 30, 35, 40 y 45 días después del inicio del enraizado (ddie)] y una de semilla [45 días después de la siembra (dds)] como testigo. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y diez plántulas por unidad experimental. Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparación de medias (Tukey, p≤ 0.05). Las plántulas de esquejes trasplantados más temprano tuvieron mayor crecimiento vegetativo que las de semilla, pero en rendimiento no hubo diferencias. Con plantas de esqueje, el rendimiento promedio fue 14.5 kg m-2 y se puede obtener en un periodo de 90 días desde trasplante a fin de cosecha, lo que posibilita la obtención de cuatro ciclos de cultivo por año. Se concluye que, las plántulas obtenidas de esquejes enraizados constituyen una opción viable para el manejo del cultivo en altas densidades de población.

Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under greenhouse conditions, managed in high population densities and short cycles, allows obtaining yields of up to 500 t ha-1 year-1; however, with this form of management, high quantities of seedlings that come from hybrid seed, which is very expensive, are occupied. An alternative that is perceived as economically more viable is the obtaining of seedlings from rooted cuttings, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield of tomato plants from cuttings and seeds. Six ages of transplantation of cuttings [20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 days after the start of rooting (dasr)] and one age of seed [45 days after sowing (das)], as a control, were tested. An experimental design of randomized complete blocks with four repetitions and ten seedlings per experimental unit was used. Analysis of variance and comparison of means (Tukey, p≤ 0.05) were performed. Seedlings from cuttings transplanted earlier had higher vegetative growth than those from seed, but in yield there were no differences. With plants from cuttings, the average yield was 14.5 kg m-2 and it can be obtained in a period of 90 days from transplantation to the end of harvest, which makes it possible to obtain four cultivation cycles per year. It is concluded that seedlings obtained from rooted cuttings constitute a viable option for the management of the crop in high population densities.

Resumen. La implementación de mejoras en la producción de genotipos silvestres de tomate, mejora la calidad del fruto, aunque el rendimiento se mantiene estable. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del acolchado plástico e integración de gallinaza al suelo, en el crecimiento y rendimiento de la planta y contenido mineral del fruto de tomate silvestre, durante el ciclo primavera-verano de 2022. Se establecieron plantas de tomate silvestre, en camas con acolchado blanco, gris, negro y sin acolchar, con aplicación y sin aplicación de gallinaza. No se observaron diferencias estadísticas entre los tratamientos, por efecto de la aplicación de gallinaza y acolchado para variables de crecimiento y rendimiento, por el contrario, la aplicación de gallinaza generó diferencias (P ≤ 0.01) para el contenido de sólidos solubles totales. La aplicación y el color del acolchado generaron diferencias (P ≤ 0.01) en el contenido de sólidos solubles, N O 3 -, Na+ y pH en jugo del fruto. La interacción de acolchado blanco con aplicación de gallinaza superó el efecto generado por separado, para sólidos solubles.

Abstract. The implementation of improvements in the production of wild tomato genotypes improves fruit quality, although yield remains stable. The objective was to evaluate the effect of plastic mulch and the integration of poultry manure into the soil on plant growth, yield and mineral content of wild tomato fruit during the spring-summer cycle of 2022. Wild tomato plants were established in beds with white, gray, black and no mulch, with and without application of poultry manure. No statistical differences were observed between treatments for the effect of the application of poultry manure and mulch for growth and yield variables; on the contrary, the application of poultry manure generated differences (P ≤ 0.01) for total soluble solids content. Mulch application and mulch color generated differences (P ≤ 0.01) for soluble solids content, N O 3 -, Na+ and pH in fruit juice. The interaction of white mulch with poultry manure application exceeded the effect generated separately for soluble solids.

Resumen El uso de silicio (Si) y cloro (Cl) permite que las plantas incrementen favorablemente el crecimiento y desarrollo, ya que contribuyen al aumento del peso seco de las plantas y biosíntesis de clorofila, así como la resistencia a factores bióticos y abióticos. La investigación se realizó para esclarecer el resultado que ocasiona la aplicación de Si y Cl en el crecimiento de plántulas de pepino y tomate. Para ello, se sembró pepino ‘Paraiso F1’ y tomate F3 en charolas de poliestireno con 242 cavidades rellenas de peat moss. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar, donde los tratamientos fueron: 20, 30 y 50 mg L-1 de Si 20, 30 y 50 mg L-1 de Cl, 20:20, 30:30 y 50:50 mg L-1 de Si:Cl un testigo absoluto y cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Las variables de respuesta fueron verdor foliar, altura de planta, área foliar, peso seco de la parte aérea y de raíz en plántulas de pepino y tomate. En plántulas de pepino, el verdor foliar se incrementó 18.7% y 4.6% con 20 y 50 mg L-1 de Si y Cl, respectivamente. La combinación de 20:20 mg L-1 de Si:Cl aumentó un 30.2% la biomasa de la parte aérea. Mientras que, en plántulas de tomate, tratadas con 30 mg L-1 Si y en mezcla con Cl a concentración 30:30 mg L-1 su altura fue de 31.9% y 25.1% con respecto a las plántulas testigo. La biomasa seca de raíz se aumentó significativamente con la aplicación de Si (20 y 30 mg L-1), Cl (20 y 50 mg L-1) y en combinación 30:30 (mg L-1).

Abstract The use of silicon (Si) and chlorine (Cl) allows plants to favorably increase growth and development, as they contribute to the increase in dry weight of plants and chlorophyll biosynthesis, as well as resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. The research was carried out to clarify the result caused by the application of Si and Cl in the growth of cucumber and tomato seedlings. For this, cucumber ‘Paraiso F1’ and tomato F3 were sown in polystyrene trays with 242 cavities filled with peat moss. The experimental design of randomized complete blocks was used, where the treatments were: 20, 30 and 50 mg L-1 of Si, 20, 30 and 50 mg L-1 of Cl, 20:20, 30:30 and 50:50 mg L-1 of Si:Cl, one absolute control and four repetitions per treatment. The response variables were leaf greenness, plant height, leaf area, dry weight of the aerial part and root in cucumber and tomato seedlings. In cucumber seedlings, leaf greenness increased by 18.7% and 4.6% with 20 and 50 mg L-1 of Si and Cl, respectively. The combination of 20:20 mg L-1 of Si:Cl increased the biomass of the aerial part by 30.2%. While, in tomato seedlings treated with 30 mg L-1 of Si and in mixture with Cl at concentration 30:30 mg L-1, their height was 31.9% and 25.1% with respect to the control seedlings. Dry root biomass was significantly increased with the application of Si (20 and 30 mg L-1), Cl (20 and 50 mg L-1) and in combination 30:30 (mg L-1).

Resumen En la actualidad, los suelos agrícolas están afectados por salinidad debido al uso excesivo de fertilizantes y la mala calidad del agua para el riego agrícola. En la actualidad, los productos a base de silicio (Si) se están aplicando para ayudar a la sostenibilidad de la agricultura; además, el Si beneficia a las plantas a tener mayor tolerancia a plagas y enfermedades, ayuda contra la toxicidad por metales pesados y actúa contra el estrés hídrico y salino. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del silicio como atenuante de la salinidad en la germinación de semillas y crecimiento inicial de plántulas de tomate. El trabajo se realizó en el laboratorio de Germoplasma de la Universidad Autónoma Baja California Sur. Las variedades de tomate seleccionadas fueron: cherry (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme), bola (Solanum lycopersicum var. Floradade) y saladette (Solanum lycopersicum var. Río Grande). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial de 2 x 3, donde el factor A fueron las concentraciones salinas de cloruro de sodio (NaCl) (0, 25, 50 mM) y el factor B, las diluciones de silicio (0, 1, 2 mM). Cada tratamiento incluyó cuatro repeticiones de 25 semillas cada una. Los cultivares de tomate mostraron efectos diferentes respecto a la salinidad. El cultivar cherry mostró disminuciones en sus variables germinativas al incrementarse la salinidad, lo que indica que los cultivares Floradade y Río Grande son más tolerantes a salinidad. En este sentido el silicio presentó un efecto protector en la interacción (NaCl + Si), mostrando efectos positivos al incrementar las variables evaluadas.

Abstract At present, agricultural soils are affected by salinity due to the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers and poor quality of the water for agricultural irrigation. Currently, products based on silicon (Si) are being applied to help the sustainability of agriculture, in addition, Si benefits plants to have greater tolerance to pests and diseases, helps against heavy metal toxicity and acts against water and salt stress. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of silicon as a salinity mitigator on seed germination and initial growth of tomato seedlings. The work was carried out in the Germplasm laboratory of the Autonomous University of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The selected tomato varieties were cherry (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme), beef (Solanum lycopersicum var. Floradade) and saladette (Solanum lycopersicum var. Río Grande). The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, where factor A was saline concentrations (0, 25, 50 mM) of sodium chloride (NaCl) and factor B was silicon dilutions (0, 1, 2 mM). Each treatment included four repetitions of 25 seeds each. Tomato cultivars showed different effects regarding salinity. The cherry cultivar showed decreases in its germinative variables with increasing salinity, indicating that the Floradade and Río Grande cultivars are more tolerant to salinity. In this same sense, silicon presented a protective effect in the interaction (NaCl + Si), showing positive effects by increasing the variables evaluated.

ABSTRACT The use of rock dust in Brazil has been studied and encouraged to reduce the Brazilian dependence on the foreign market for chemical fertilizers and as an alternative to organic agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of using phonolite rock powder and organic compound, associated with inoculation with the potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) of the genus Burkholderia on the chemical characteristics of the soil, macro and micronutrients in the aerial part, and tomato productivity. The experiment was installed in pots in a greenhouse, using a randomized block design in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement, representing five doses of phonolite added in an organic compound, with the presence or absence of inoculation with the strain 100-13. The nutrient contents in the soil and the aerial part and the production of tomato were evaluated. Differences were observed between the doses of the organic compound and the phonolite associated with the inoculation. The treatments containing the highest doses of an organic compound provided better levels of nutrients in the soil and the aerial part, and in the tomato productivity. The inoculation with the bacterial strain improved the release of potassium from the powder of the phonolite rock.

ABSTRACT Water supply quality, nutrient availability in irrigation solutions, and discharge water or effluents must be monitored for protected cultivation to achieve sustainable management of food production. This study aimed to evaluate whether effluent solution from mini-tomato-protected crops can be recycled in an irrigation system based on plant nutritional demands. The experiment was carried out on a farm with mini-tomato protected-cropping. Water supply, as well as nutrient and effluent solutions, were analyzed in the experiment. Water supply was within the Brazilian limits established by CONAMA, except for nitrite, phosphorus, and sulfide. The effluent solution showed significant concentrations of macro- and micronutrients, highlighting phosphorus (220 to 395 mg L-1). The replacement of nutrient solution in the central fertigation tank, excess of elements applied in the nutrient solution, and accumulation of effluent solution in the disposal tank kept the effluent solution enriched when compared to the nutrient solution initially applied. Water quality monitoring showed that effluent solution can be reused in the irrigation system based on its physicochemical parameters and mini-tomato tomato nutritional demands. The analyses also allowed us to detect control points to achieve food production sustainability.

ABSTRACT. The use of dwarf lines to obtain mini-tomato hybrid plants has led to agronomic and economic advantages. However, the benefits provided by dwarf parents in tomato hybrids of the Santa Cruz type remain unexplored. The aims of this study were to determine the agronomic enhancement in BC1F2 dwarf populations bearing characteristic fruit of the Santa Cruz type after the first backcross and to select populations with high agronomic potential and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized block design with 15 treatments and 4 replicates. Evaluated genetic materials included 11 BC1F2 dwarf tomato populations, both parents (recurrent and donor), and the cultivars (Santa Cruz Kada and Santa Clara). Traits evaluated included: mean weight, soluble solid concentration, number of locules, shape, pulp thickness, fruit longitudinal and transversal diameters, internode length, and plant height. Univariate, multivariate, correlation, and selection index analyses showed that mean fruit weight, transverse diameter, and pulp thickness increased significantly in dwarf populations after a single backcross, most of them exhibiting a fruit shape similar to that of the Santa Cruz type. The dwarf BC1F2 populations UFU-Sci#11 and UFU-Sci#12 showed high potential for obtaining lines and, subsequently, Santa Cruz type hybrids.

Resumen. Corynespora cassiicola es un patógeno que causa lesiones en diferentes órganos en el cultivo de jitomate. Para su control se utiliza fungicidas sintéticos que requieren más de una aplicación. Trichoderma spp. es un hongo saprófito, altamente interactivo en la rizosfera conocido por sus modos de acción como agente de control biológico contra enfermedades en plantas y promotor del crecimiento vegetal. Se evaluó el efecto en las variables fisiológicas y de crecimiento en plantas de Solanum lycopersicum inoculadas con las concentraciones de esporas 1x100, 1x105, 1x106, 1x107 y 1x108 de Trichoderma asperellum Ta-13-17 y Fithan® (como testigo comercial) como agente de biocontrol de C. cassiicola en condiciones protegidas. Los tratamientos 1x106, 1x108 y Fithan® obtuvieron las tasas fotosintéticas más altas con 20.7, 20.6 y 19.6 µmol m-2 s-1 respectivamente. El tratamiento 1x108 conidios mL-1 obtuvo las medias más altas en las variables de fotosíntesis 20.6 µmol m-2 s-1, rendimiento 1347.02 g por planta y presentaron menor porcentaje de severidad final, menor velocidad en la distribución de la enfermedad y menor acumulación de área bajo la curva del progreso de la enfermedad.

Abstract. Corynespora cassiicola is a pathogen that causes lesions in different organs of tomato crops. For its control, synthetic fungicides are used that require more than one application. Trichoderma spp. is a highly interactive saprophytic fungus in the rhizosphere known as a biological control agent against plant diseases and promoter of plant growth due to its different modes of action. The effect on physiological and growth variables in Solanum lycopersicum plants inoculated with spore concentrations 1x100, 1x105, 1x106, 1x107 and 1x108 of Trichoderma asperellum Ta-13-17 and Fithan®, (as a commercial control) was evaluated. As a biocontrol agent for C. cassiicola under protected conditions. The 1x106, 1x108 and Fithan® treatments obtained the highest photosynthetic rates with 20.7, 20.6 and 19.6 µmol m-2 s-1 respectively. The 1x108 conidia mL-1 treatment obtained the highest means in the photosynthesis variables 20.6 µmol m-2 s-1, yield 1347.02 g per plant and presented a lower percentage of final severity, lower speed in the distribution of the disease and lower accumulation of area under the disease progress curve.

ABSTRACT The devilfish (Pterygoplichthys spp.) has been reported as an invasive species in several ecosystems of the state of Chiapas, Mexico. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application times of devil fish flour (DFF) as a source of organic fertilization on Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Río Grande under greenhouse conditions. Soil without flour (SDFF), soil and flour 15 days before transplanting (DFF15), and ground with flour at the transplanting time (DFF0), respectively, constituted the experiment. It was identified that DFF had high protein, ash, phosphorus, and potassium contents (46.22, 31.13, 3.43, and 2.3 %, respectively). Plant height showed a 13 % increase at 126 days after transplanting with DFF15, and a 52 % increase in stem thickness compared to SDFF. Foliage dry weight increased 5.8-fold in DFF0 and 1.8-fold for root length in DFF15. Also, DFF15 increased the chlorophyll content in tomato leaves by up to 39.8 %. DFF15 fruits were the only ones that achieved physiological and commercial maturity, meeting consumption criteria for polar and equatorial diameter, and lycopene content (5.7 and 5.2 cm, and 0.017 mg/g fruit fresh weight, respectively). The results obtained from the devilfish meal show its suitability for use as an organic fertilizer in agricultural production.

RESUMEN Se ha reportado al pez diablo (Pterygoplichthys spp.) como especie invasora en diversos ecosistemas del estado de Chiapas, México. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de los tiempos de aplicación de la harina del pez diablo (HPD) como fuente de fertilización orgánica en el cultivo de Solanum lycopersicum L. var. Río Grande en condiciones de invernadero. En el experimento se utilizó suelo sin harina (SHPD), suelo y harina 15 días antes del trasplante (HPD15) y suelo con harina al momento del trasplante (HPD0). Se identificó que la HPD presentó un elevado contenido en proteínas, cenizas, fósforo y potasio (46.22, 31.13, 3.43 y 2.3 %, respectivamente). La altura de la planta mostró un aumento del 13 % a los 126 días después del trasplante con HPD15, así como un aumento del 52 % en el grosor del tallo en comparación con SHPD. El peso seco del follaje aumentó 5.8 veces en HPD0 y 1.8 veces para la longitud de la raíz en HPD15. Además, HPD15 pudo aumentar el contenido de clorofila en las hojas de tomate hasta en un 39.8 %. Los frutos de HPD15 fueron los únicos que lograron madurez fisiológica y comercial, cumpliendo con los criterios de consumo en el diámetro polar y ecuatorial, y contenido de licopeno (5.7 y 5.2 cm, y 0.017 mg/g de peso fresco de fruto, respectivamente). Los resultados obtenidos a partir de la harina de pez diablo, muestran que se puede utilizar como abono orgánico en la producción agrícola.